Abstract

Routing protocols are crucial in agricultural WSNs, enabling efficient data exchange and communication. However, energy consumption is a major constraint. The Developed Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering (DDEEC) scheme has limitations, including neglecting average distance between nodes and the Base Station (BS) and wasting of energy by idle nodes. To address this, a modified DDEEC scheme, Improved Developed Distributed Energy Efficient Clustering (IDDEEC) is proposed. The new scheme, incorporates residual energy, average energy of the network, distance between cluster head (CH) and BS, and average distance between nodes and BS in CH selection. Inter-cluster multi-hop communication and sleep/wake schemes are also introduced in the new scheme. MATLAB R2018a simulations show the proposed scheme outperforms TDEEC and DDEEC in throughput, residual energy, and network lifetime whiles DDEEC provided better stability period. However, the proposed system is still suitable for precision agriculture applications than other two schemes.

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